Athletic Activities

Whether played or watched, athletic activities have greatly impacted on the environment. The footprints of the participants highly abuse the natural environment. For example, the Ski slopes cause a lot of disruption to the alpine ecosystem. On the same pedigree, snowmobiles spew exhaust a lot of fumes into the air. When spewed, the fumes become dangerous to the living organisms within the environment (O'Reilly et al. 2015). Similarly, the golf courses sprawl across the land, and in long run, consume a large number of pesticides and water. The land dug causes a lot of potholes on the land, which is a residing place for the insects. Stagnant water encourages the breeding of land and water organisms and animals like snakes, which are dangerous to the health of man. Well notable, many golf players prefer their courses to be blanketed in the velvety green grass. They do this regardless of where the course is located, be it the beach, the desert, or a naturally lush locale. While carrying out the course, there are a lot of potholes that are dug in the environment. According to Mullenbach and Green (2018), despite high-level use, documented cases of environmental harm from pesticides on golf courses are rare. In one instance, hundreds of Canadian geese have been found dead on the Seaway Harbor fairways in Hempstead, New York apparently, which was poisoned by diazinon. As a result of this, an organophosphate insecticide was subsequently banned from golf course application following the manner in which it was destroying the environment. Another organophosphate pesticide, known as fenamiphos, has produced fish kills when washed into waterways from golf courses after heavy rains (Mullenbach and Green 2018). Today, fenamiphos is now being phased out in Florida, where these fish kills have occurred, and a nationwide ban will be complete in 2007, Cohen says. Cohen believes that when properly applied, golf course pesticides pose a low risk of exposure to players and nearby residential population

The Role of Forensic Accountants in Corporate Governance

FORENSIC ACCOUNTING & FRAUD INVESTIGATION ASSESSMENT TASKS 1 THE ROLE OF FORENSIC ACCOUNTANTS IN CORPORATE GOVERNANCE Corporate governance is defined as the formal mechanism of direction, supervision and control put in place within a company in order to monitor the decisions and actions of its senior managers and ensure these are compatible and consistent with the specific interest of shareholders and the various other interests of shareholders who contribute to the operations of the company.Forensic Accountants are experienced  investigators  of  legal  and  financial documents  that are hired to look into possible suspicions of  fraudulent  activity within a company; or are hired by a company who may just want to prevent fraudulent activities from occurring. They also provide services in areas such as accounting,  antitrust, damages, analysis, valuation, and general consulting. Forensic accountants have also been used in  divorces,  bankruptcy, insurance claim s,  personal injury  claims, fraudulent claims, construction,  royalty  audits, and tracking terrorism by investigating financial records.Forensic Accountant should have the following skills and knowledge to serve as an effective Forensic Accountant. 1. Ability to identify frauds with minimal initial information The Forensic Accountant needs to be able to identify the possible scheme, the possible manner it was perpetrated and potentially effective procedures to prove or disprove the potential fraud. 2. Interviewing The Forensic Accountant get involved in interviewing in the course of seeking evidence and information. Forensic Accountant must be a way that the process ensures the evidence is admissible in a court of law. . Mind – set A successful Forensic Accountant has a certain mind-set that includes several abilities. He or she is able to think like a crook. 4. Knowledge of evidence It is imperative that Forensic Accountant understand the rule of evidence in court and how to conduct the investigation from the beginning as if all evidence will make it to a court of law. 5. Presentation of findings The Forensic Accountant must have the ability to clearly communicate the findings resulting from the investigation in way understandable to the layperson.Forensic accountants think creatively to consider and understand the tactics that a fraud perpetrator may use to commit and conceal fraudulent acts. Additionally, they need to clearly and concisely communicate findings to various parties, including those with less knowledge of accounting and auditing. Forensic accountants that are not part of the organization or company. They are hired in order to investigate the internal and  external performance  of the company, connected with the  accounting process. They provide independent opinion. Role of Forensic accountantsForensic accountant can play their vital role to improve corporate governance in a company. Forensic Accountants assists in address ing   allegations ranging from kickbacks and wrongful dismissals to internal situations involving allegations of management or employee wrongdoing. * With a strong background knowledge of the legal and institutional requirements of corporate governance, a forensic accountant can help to formulate and establish a comprehensive governance policy that: * ensures an appropriate mix of management and independent directors on the board. sets out the appropriate responsibilities of the board and the audit committees. * has a fair allocation of power between owners, management, and the board. * ensures there is a company â€Å"code of ethics† for employees and management * A Forensic Accountant helps the accounting professionals to have a efficient control system and a accounting system that ensures the proper recording, classification and reporting of all relevant transactions. * Forensic accountant can monitor not only compliance at the top levels of the corporate power, but also management procedures and employee activity.Information gathered as a result of the monitoring can be used to readjust and reformulate governance, ethics, and control policies. * Forensic accountants can ensure that corporate governance policies are formulated to avoid high-risk environments where management is apathetic, pay is inadequate or too high, there is a serious lack of proper training and compliance, or there are unreasonable profit and budget goals. It is also necessary to have well-defined hiring policies that result in honest, well-qualified employees. A forensic accountant can ensure the integrity of financial statements by actively investigating for fraud, identifying areas of risk and associated fraud symptoms, pursuing each anomaly aggressively, and delving into the finest details of accounting and financial anomalies * Forensic Accountants can help in creating policies that clearly state the company’s intent to take strict action against any criminal activi ties, and that such action will apply to all levels of employee, without any exception. At times, a Forensic Accountant can meet with those persons affected by the allegations, rumors, or inquiries. They may view the accountant as an independent and objective party and thus be more willing to engage in discussions. Forensic Accountants can be hired in order to review and strengthen  internal controls, in order to determine if any assets are missing, or to discover if tax laws or accounting rules have been applied correctly to company transactions.They are hired in order to determine if embezzlement has occurred or, if so, how much is missing and how it was done. Conclusion Forensic accountants are currently in great demand, with the public need for honesty, fairness and transparency in reporting increasing exponentially. These forensic accountants need accounting, finance, law, investigative and research skills to identify, interpret, communicate and prevent fraud.As more and more companies look for forensic accountants and professional organizations offer certifications in the area, it is becoming evident that the forensic accountant has a skill set that is very different from an auditor or a financial accountant. The role of the forensic accountant has expanded significantly during the last several years for many reasons, including the requirement for greater scrutiny on corporate governance brought about by the Sarbanes-Oxley legislation and the widespread recognition of the risks and prevalence of financial fraud in today’s business environment.As a result, forensic Accountants are usually retained to support special investigations related to a broad range of subjects. This can include the financial impact of marketplace events, such as intellectual property infringement and anti-trust actions, financial reporting fraud, asset impairment and business valuation. REFERENCE Crumbley, D. Larry (2009). Journal of Forensic Accounting, www. rtedwards. co m. journals/JFA/evidentiary. html, January 9.Golden, T, Skalak, S & Clayton, M 2006, A Guide to Forensic Accounting Investigation, John Wiley and Sons Latshaw, C. A. , â€Å"Fraudulent Financial Reporting: The Government and Accounting Profession React,† Review of Business, Spring 2005, pp. 13-15. Silverstone, H. and Sheetz, M. , â€Å"Forensic Accounting and Fraud Investigation for Non-Experts,† Wiley & Sons, Inc. , 2008. Turnbull, N. (2005) Internal Control – Revised Guidance for Directors on the Combined Code. FRC, London.

Three Men in a Boat Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Three Men in a Boat - Essay Example I crawled out a decrepit wreck.† This situation happens when one tries to assimilate the knowledge on a subject on which one is not competent of assimilating! The contents of this book, written about a century ago are prophetic as for the thinking of majority of the humankind and the medical fraternity (especially the western medical system.) Even for small ailments people visit the doctors and the doctors create a grim situation on small health issues to extract as many dollars from the patients, as is possible! The overall merit of the book is-- the serious issues are commented in a humorous style. It contains lots of practical philosophical advice, told in a subtle manner. The three men in the boat are George, Harris and the narrator, who are great hypochondriacs—they are convinced that they are suffering from every type of diseases, even though there is nothing wrong with their physical equipment as such. Even in the so-called grim situation of their lives, their-sel f assessment about the state of health evokes ironic laughter. Jerome writes, â€Å"I sat and pondered. I thought what an interesting case I must be from a medical point of view, what an acquisition I should be to a class! Students would have no need to â€Å"walk the hospitals,† if they had me. I was a hospital in myself.

How the Burma Military Became a Reflection of the British Colonial Assignment

How the Burma Military Became a Reflection of the British Colonial Government - Assignment Example After the British government had left Burma, Frustrations due to the inability to come up with clear resolutions of numerous problems that had long been standing were clearly manifested in outbreaks of army post-independence. Due to this, the military of Burma engaged itself in suppressing several rebellions from ethnic groups since the country’s independence. After a decade of democracy in the country, the military took over following a political crisis. The army seized total control of the nation afterward. Since then the army has been ruling the country through a council of revolution by a decree. The people of Burma were facing similar situations they faced during the British colonial era under the military leadership. The economic collapse of the country, frustration in the political arena, poor leadership from the military and poor education state drove anger and bad attitude thereby leading to Burma uprising. Following the period of post-colonialism in Burma, the political crisis drove the military to take over the countries leadership. Burma has been under military leadership for a very long time. The military has been unwilling to recognize any traditional minority religious rights. Its agenda was to have a united Buddhist country that has one culture and language. This policy reduced the autonomy of the ethnic groups. In addition, several people were put in detention for trying to spearhead Burmanisation including Aung Su Kyi. The detention without trial was used as a tool to silence the opposition leaders and ultimately the public for any thought of an uprising-taking place. In addition, the military has been responding harshly to crash out the juntas but not focusing to any of their political demands.  Ã‚  

Elements in financial services Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Elements in financial services - Essay Example economy? †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 3 How do these policy-induced changes in real interest rates †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 4 affect the financial institutions and the economy? †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 5 The inflation and the monetary policy †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 5 Effect of interest rate to long term investment †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 6 Government Spending†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 7 Where does the federal government get all the funding to support these expenditures? †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 7 Monetary Policy in the Financial Crisis †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 10 Conclusion †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 10 Work Cited†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 12 I have chosen to discuss the U.S. monetary policy as it has wide effect to the economy that transcends to other countries. First, I will show the structure of the US monetary policy, its goals and tools. Second part, I will discuss how it affects the U.S. economy, particularly, the financial

Safe work environment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Safe work environment - Essay Example Visitors language should be checked for any harmful devises carried by him. Work stations are to be design to make the employees more comfortable as they would be working long hours sitting. The work station and the equipments like tables and chairs are to be designed to ease the pressure on the employees' body thus avoiding the stains and pains at various back parts. New employees are to be made known about the safety and security measures prior to their joining. They should be given a book let explaining about the privacy and safety policies for their kind reference. The parcels and other goods coming through courier service are to be checked at the ground floor security and should forward to their floors. If the goods are having some offense contents the objects are to be kept at the ground dispatch room and the consignee has to be called for cross check. An in-house doctor has to be placed at the work station for addressing concerns. Reference: Employee safety handbook, Office of research safety and office of risk management, Northwestern university, 2003 viewed on 21/12/2006 available at http://www.northwestern.edu/risk/EmpSafetyHandbook2003.pdf Safety tips,

Business Law and Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Business Law and Ethics - Essay Example First thing on my mind would be to try to figure out a way to alert some one of importance about the issue at hand without being viewed as an unfriendly suitor. Should I began on the floor pointing fingers the workers or should I take this straight to the top? Using an ethical approach, it would make more sense to first make managerial routes of watching the floor to observe the processes that take place during sanitation and changeover routines in order to gain factual information to bring forward with my concerns. In finding that the employees are not exactly following company protocols the question of what to do next would become an aggravating opponent which in turn could make me jump the gun to make the mistake of blowing the whistle. Being that the company is already having problems with earnings along with a pending poisoning case looming in the air, it would definitely not be a good idea to turn my back on the issue nor would it be a good idea to help the company develop more losses by publicly destroying its reputation applying a tort in blowing the whistle on the situation. Therefore further investigation would be needed. After discussing the issue within the quality department and checking previous records, I would then assess the risk of taking this thing any further. If I tell now will I be praised and heralded a hero to be given an early promotion? Maybe so, but if I decide to keep quiet with the belief that this will probably blow over, will it come back to haunt me in the future because I didn’t do my job? These are individually very difficult questions to answer, but I believe that if I followed the proper steps to analyze each individual area where and how the salmonella may have infected the product, will help in taking the proper steps to eliminate this from happing again. This would serve as a job well done giving me enough satisfaction that would keep me from making the same

Stress Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 3

Stress - Essay Example So, since most employees are used to their normal routines and working conditions, such form of changes leads to a wide range of psychological disturbance and strain that finally adds up to stress (Cambridge Educational , 2005). On the other hand, employees are faced with this menace especially when there are some standards that have been set within the organizational operations. Such standards often require employees to sign the performance contracts such that; they fully commit themselves towards attaining those set goals and objectives in whatever possible means (Cambridge Educational, 2005). Numerous studies indicate that workplace stress happens to be the main cause of stress in life, and has progressively escalated in the past few years Cambridge Educational (Firm) (2005) says that the  increased job stress levels as appraised by the sole discernment of bearing minimal control with lots of upcoming demands have usually been exhibited to be interrelated with enhanced rates of hypertension, heart attack, among other disorders.  It is an extremely personalized occurrence and can widely vary even in the most identical scenarios for various reasons (Cambridge Educational (Firm), 2005). A particular research study showed that completion of paper work is more stressful for several police officers other than the threats associated with dealing with criminals. The job severity sets basis on the enormity of the raised demands and the person’s sense of decision-making or control latitude that one has to deal with them. The Scientific research based on this form authen ticates that employees who perceive the subjection to higher demands but possess minimal control are often at high risks of cardiovascular disease (Cambridge Educational (Firm), 2005). From the practical experience, the source of stress that I witnessed in the

Bladder washouts in the maintanence of long term indwelling catheters Essay

Bladder washouts in the maintanence of long term indwelling catheters - Essay Example It has been found that catheter material should be appropriately selected to allow for safe washouts. Washing out of the bladder with sterile fluid is known as bladder washout and it involves two types. One, bladder lavage and the other bladder irrigation. Lavage involves washing out the bladder in sterile fluid indicated to clear an obstructed catheter and to remove possible sources of obstruction due to blood clot or sediments caused by infection. Irrigation is the continuous washing out of the bladder in sterile manner indications for which are prevention of formation and retention of blood clots and rarely removal of heavily contaminated material from a sick urinary bladder (Dougherty, Lister and Lister, 2004 p 275). This paper deals with the role of bladder washouts in the maintenance of long-term indwelling catheters. Before going into detail of the washout mechanisms and other procedures involved, it is essential to discuss bladder function, incontinence and long dwelling catheters. The objective of this paper is to examine whether bladder washouts are ideal in the maintenance of long term indwelling catheters. Urine continence is the state of urine being stored in the bladder without involuntary leakage. Stress incontinence occurs when the subject exerts coughs or sneezes. Urge incontinence happens while in urgency. Mixed incontinence happens when there is a combination of exertion and urgency. A UK survey found that one in three had bladder dysfunction among 10,000 adults of age 40 and above interviewed (Getliffe and Thomas 2007p 1) Collection of urine at low pressure and regular voiding of urine are the functions of the bladder and lower urinary tract respectively. The bladder is located at the pelvic cavity just at the back of symphysis pubis. Lying outside the peritoneal cavity, it extends upwards as it gets filled between the peritoneum and the wall of the external body.

Provide an analysis of the segmentation, targeting and positioning Essay

Provide an analysis of the segmentation, targeting and positioning strategy of a brand of your choice. Within your analysis you - Essay Example The STP strategy of Coca-Cola BlaK Segmentation strategy Coca Cola BlaK has been one of the major designs that Coca Cola developed to recover its declining sales during 2005. The BlaK drink was not only a flavour extension, but rather a stimulating blend of variety of coke refreshment, with quality coffee essence and lightly carbonated with an aim to appeal to adult consumers (singleservecoffee.com, 2006). The company targeted a specific segment for marketing BlaK, comprising of adult, 30-over savvy sophisticated achievers. Segmentation is a company’s key marketing dimensions to set strategic framework and are marketing processes used to identify the right customers of a company (Bygrave and Zacharakis, 2010, p. 170). Almost all companies segment its markets, breaking down the total market of a product or service in to distinct sub-groups (Lancaster and Reynolds, 2001, p. 68) such as Geographical (region/population density), demographic (age, sex, marital status, socio-economi c status, social class, religion etc), psychographic (life-style, personality, self-image etc) and behavioural (rate, volume, occasion, brand loyalty) (Stone and Desmond, 2007, p. 175). When it comes to the case of BlaK, the company identified an opportunity for BlaK from various regions including US, France, Spain, Czech Republic and later in Canada and UK. Demographically, its market was high-class, sophisticated achievers (Farr, 2007). The example of BlaK cola shows that extensive research often requires for an effective segmentation and targeting. As Loudon, Stevens and Wrenn (2004) pointed, a highly customized method of segmentation based upon extensive research and up to date data requires a high degree of expertise in research (p. 33). Coca-cola company has invested heavily in researches during 2002 about users and their perceptions of coke products. This research brought the significance of coke for adults who are between 30 and 50 age savvy people who are less likely to use Coca Cola’s other brands. The company executives thus thought to develop a unique drink merging ordinary coke with an energy drink or coffee essence aimed at adults over 30 savvy people (Wilbert, 2006). This research helped the company identify a hidden market opportunity and find a market segment which was until then left-untouched. Targeting Strategy Coca-Cola company targeted mainly the male demographics with ingredient of coffee essence. The Coca Cola BlaK was appealed mainly to older, more sophisticated and over-30 customers who are likely to spend more (Lamb, Hair and McDaniel, 2008, p. 258). A marketer may target a group of people or organizations by designing, implementing and maintaining a market mix in order to meet the needs of that specific group (Lamb, Hair and McDaniel, 2008, p. 220). When it comes to BlaK, the research conducted by Coca Cola found that there is an opportunity for a drink, being made quite unique with additional coffee essence, targeted for mal e-adults who are over-30 savvy and sophisticated achievers. the target was thus very specific. When a specific group is targeted, various marketing mixes like price, product, place and promotion can be developed according to the needs, behaviour and specific requirement of the targeted group. Ferrell and Hartline (2008) emphasized that a firm can adopt any or more

Role of the US Constitution and Legal System in Business Regulation Essay Example for Free

Role of the US Constitution and Legal System in Business Regulation Essay The Constitution of the United States and their legal system have an impact on the guidance and operation of companies in any industry. In case a person breaks a law, for example, he or she may be obliged to pay a fine or even imprisoned in the US. It works the same way with companies: if a business is found responsible for allowing its employees to violate regulations this company is subject to a fine and even closedown. For instance, companies are responsible to guarantee that all employees are legally authorized to work in the United States. Occasionally employees without proper documentation are able to get a job. The law enforcement agencies perform raids on business enterprises in effort to enforce appropriately laws concerning citizenship and permanent residency. These raids have been taking place all over the United States in attempt to protect the motherland after the tragedy of the September 11th. Immigration authorities have used debatable procedures when many innocent people have been kept in custody. The law allows the Immigration and Customs officials the right to question anyone on the premises during a search. It is the employers obligation to guarantee that all employees are legally authorized to work by means of performing systematic background checks in order to avoid a chaos and confusion during raids and punishment from the government of the US. Application of Constitutional RightsIn cases when organizations are hiring workers without proper documentation, the government enforces laws in order to protect the interest of United States citizens, the government, and businesses. In Los Angeles, a business was raided and workers were detained due to immigration authorities receiving information about undocumented workers at a particular organization. The constitution grants the right for authorities to search and seize given there is probable cause (US Constitution Annotated-Analysis and Interpretation of the Constitution, 2005.) Probable cause can be a controversial term that is used, in theory it means that all facts must be thoroughly investigated and warrants will be granted, if procedures are followed. In this particular case in Los Angeles, documented and undocumented employees were detained. Unfortunately, the document employees believed their constitutional rights were violated and they sued the Immigration and Customs Enforcement for false imprisonment and  detention without justification. The search warrant permits Immigration and Customs Enforcement to question everyone inside of the establishment in question (Bazar, 2008). In this particular case, one-fifth of the employees at this establishment were found to be undocumented. The Effect of Constitutional Rights on BusinessesEmployers are screening their employees more thoroughly to avoid the serious consequences of being an enabler of undocumented citizens. As one can imagine, this is a timely and costly procedure even if enough qualified employees are available. In many businesses, organizations are struggling to keep up with demand rather than being overly selective employers are looking for bodies to fill positions. Laws and regulations come with a cost; when those laws do not promote a healthy business environment, laws will stunt the growth of business enterprise. When organizations do not follow procedure by actively screening their applicants by conducting background checks, it reflects poorly on the organizations. There is a high risk of hiring applicants who are not qualified for positions, and the probability is even higher that undocumented workers will be hired. The Immigration and Customs Enforcement is enforcing laws designed to protect the interest of businesses, losing employees is extremely costly. When employees are documented they are more likely to remain employed at the company. Overall, constitutional rights and United States laws impact the hiring procedures of organizations which directly impacts the overall productivity of business. Following local city, state, and federal laws determines the flow of business and affects the customer base. Impact of Labor LawsLabors laws impact businesses the most because they dictate how businesses are run, their daily productivity, and expenditures. Federal labor laws protect the interest of employees by setting strict standards for organizations to follow. Regulations schedule breaks, wages, safe working conditions, unemployment insurance. There are federal standards that organizations must abide by and state regulations which never go below the federal standards. Federal laws set a minimum standard and state governments decide what is appropriate for their state (keeping in mind the cost of living standards). Federal and state regulations dictate the age of  employees including hours and breaks. There are strict restrictions about the type of work environment children can work in; allowing children to work in hazardous conditions is strictly prohibited under federal law (US (Department of Labor, 2008.) Employers must abide by federal regulations to compensate employees for workin g more than 40 hours per week. At some organizations unions are established to defend the rights of employees. Unions are a powerful force in the United States and are able to negotiate further for wages; holiday pay, fight against disciplinary action, and other challenges employees deal with on a daily basis. ConclusionThe United States Constitution and federal regulations have a tremendous impact over the functionality of all aspects of daily business operation. Immigration laws have impacted the operations of businesses; some organizations are learning they must follow federal laws by thoroughly screening applicants prior to hiring them. These regulations are in place to protect employers from severe loss of capital. The negligence of employers can impact citizens in good standing because Immigration and Customs Enforcement can use the right of search and seizure to question anyone in a business establishment. The United States Constitution and federal regulations are in place to protect the interest of businesses and people working in the United States legally. When regulations are not actively enforced by employers it impacts the interest of the business, and its employees who are law abiding. Labor laws protect the interest of employees and the United States economy. The laws dictate working conditions, hours employees can work, and federal standards for minimum wage are set. Most important, labor laws protect the interest of the future generation by enforcing age restrictions that would interfere with the development of children. Federal laws are designed to be fair and balanced to protect the interest of businesses and legal employees. References Bazar E. (2008, June 25). Citizens Sue After Detentions, Immigration Raides. USA Today. Retrieved November 1, 2008, from: http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2008-06-24-Immigration-raids_N.htmUS Constitution Annotated-Analysis and Interpretation of the Constitution. (2005) U.S. Supreme Court Center. Retrieved October 30, 2008, from: http://supreme.justia.com/constitution/US Department of Labor. (2008). Compliance Assistance. Retrieved November 1, 2008, from US Department of Labor : http://www.dol.gov/compliance/topics/wages-overtime-pay.htm

Video games in pop-culture Essay Example for Free

Video games in pop-culture Essay Video games and computer games (from here on both categories will be simply referred to as video games for simplicity) have entered the domain of pop culture fairly recently. Although the first video game was developed in 1958 by William Higginbotham, their popularity didn’t occur until the seventies with the appearance of Pac-man and Frogger in the arcades (Computer and Video Games). If the younger generation of video game consumers would take a look at what was out there when the video game boom begun they wouldn’t be able to understand what was so attractive (and addictive?) about Pac-man and Frogger? The truth is, video games from over three decades ago share the same basic principles with the games we have out there right now. Let’s face it, we like video games because they provide us with interactive entertainment. In other words, we’re genuinely entertained by colorful objects that move on the TV/computer screen when we press certain buttons. I suggest that it is the overwhelming gratification that we experience from actually having absolute and unconditional control over something in our lives. Another suggestion that I have is that video games share the same elements or even directly imitate traditional games such as tag, ping-pong, chess, hopscotch etc. ; video games allow us to engage in these games easily, without any stigma or significant effort on our parts. Video games are fun, inexpensive, can become a social activity allowing friends to play along, and sometimes they’re even mentally stimulating if not challenging. They’ve been a real hit every since they came out and today the video game industry has grown significantly. However, let’s examine the circle of people that are involved in production and design of video games. As long ago as video games first became popular their manufacturers turned them into sellable products. It seems a bit ridiculous that a video game can cost as much as $50 (for a good video game), however, this amount seems almost justified if we consider all the effort put into the creation of a good video game. There are perhaps more steps involved in the creation of video games then in a production of a music album. First of all, behind every great game there’s a great idea, which most often have been proven to be interesting to human brain in real life (tag, chess, checkers, etc.). However, this idea has to be turned into machine language, so then it could be displayed on the TV/computer screen in the digital format. Second, there’s a wealth of robust and â€Å"well-polished† computer software behind every good video game. Good video games are well-implemented and, therefore, run with no problems – example of good computer design. Bad games are poorly â€Å"written†, therefore, crash often and require frequent resets (turning the video game console/computer off and back on). Third, there’s the testing stage, where beta-testers (pro gamers, hired by manufacturers) test the games for â€Å"bugs†, â€Å"glitches†, and â€Å"crashes† (various code problems). If the game passes the tests with few problems it gets released and advertised. Highly anticipated games are advertised long before their release by means of internet teaser videos, information from the developers and screenshots taken during the development/testing phase. Games that are expected to make it big are even advertised on television. But why do we listen to these ads and buy video games, one might ask, don’t we have more important things to occupy our free with? This question brings to the discussion of the social world involvement in the video game industry. Indeed, we, as consumers, both passive and active, create the context and content for video games. A lot of games, as I’ve already mentioned earlier in this essay revolve around activities we enjoy in real life such as analog games, sports, social interactions, operating various devices, working a job, solving problems, managing finances, dancing but most importantly fantasizing. Most people given the possibility would love to engage in a variety of activities that are outside their usual mundane existence. While the living out these activities might be a bit complicated for a variety of reasons starting from time and ending with money, their virtual representation are readily available in a digital format. There are literally tons of video games out there that simulate all sorts of sports, their popularity is especially high among Americans who idealize a fit, toned and healthy body image and an active lifestyle. Video games also burrow heavily from other forms of popular entertainment such as movies, cartoons, books, music, television game shows, commix etc. These genres sometimes attempt to do the same and burrow content from video games only to fail miserably every single time (Bloodrayne, Doom, Dungeons and Dragons). Perhaps, the reason why this happens is because video games in addition to mind blowing special effects and often great story lines and excellent voice-over/soundtrack also offer interactivity (active participation f the player). Refined of participation element video game-to-movie adaptations are like about as entertaining as a video game with no controller to manipulate the characters and the outcomes. This gives evidence that shows that although video games represent a humongous industry and have a great diversity of products, they are nothing without the social world. Whether we’re simulating a football game, controlling an army of monsters or flying on a magic carpet we’re doing nothing else but living out our fantasies which are based on something we’ve (a) actually participated in, (b) would like to participate in or (c) simply heard of, read about or saw on pictures/video. However, there are of course more complex situations when games come very close to offer the players a virtual reality filled with possibilities limited only by the context of the game. There are games that offer entire virtual islands with their own flora and fauna for players to explore. In a sense, this puts the idea of content of video games being dictated by reality under question and opens a debate on whether video games will ultimately become substitutes for reality. As consumers it is up to us to answer this question for ourselves. Before we explore our options, however, let’s take a look around and see who the consumers of video games are. Video games have gained massive popularity due to their dramatically increasing variety. Decades ago when video games were just starting to develop this domain of the market was aimed primarily at high-school age boys. This was primarily due to the character of older video games, which centered on shooting, fighting and other activities typical (although not exclusive) to males. Now, as games are becoming more and more diverse women have been steadily joining this entertainment industry branch and now constitute 26% of the entire gaming world (Ulmer). Adult males (18+) are currently the world’s biggest video game consumers (38%), younger boys (ages 6-17) now only represent 21% of the total consumers. The mean age of video game consumers has risen to 29 (Ulmer), which means that this sector of the entertainment market is now dominated by college students and young working professionals, as opposed to high school boys. Other data from presented by James Ulmer of hollywoodreporter. com reveals that video games is a multi-billion dollar industry which keeps growing larger each year. It has shifted its consumer base by expanding towards a more mature audience and towards women as well. A direction of such character, based on the data, did not only help this industry acquire new customers but also dramatically increased this industry’s annual profits worldwide. Returning to the consumers, as we’ve observed, video games today are no longer an exclusively younger male entertainment; by expanding the market to both sexes and raising the target age average video game industry has now become inseparable from pop-culture. Movies, books, music and other segments of pop-culture inevitably influence content and context of video games; in fact video games are so closely tied to the rest of the media these days that one can find these products bundled together in one item at stores like Virgin, Borders, Best Buy and others. However, video games is multi-faced phenomenon; it’s as much a part of world’s pop-culture as it is an art form and a simulator of reality. It is only a matter of time before people realize and experience a fuller range of applications of video games. These discoveries are, however, in minds and hands of researchers and developers, we are but passive observers of their innovations and active participants of their popular products. Only time will show. Works Cited â€Å"Computer and Video Games†. 8 Mar. 2006. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 7 Mar. 2006. Ulmer, James. â€Å"Broadband rules in rapidly expanding global video game market†. TheHollywoodReporter. com. 27 Sep. 2004. VNU eMedia, Inc. 7 Mar. 2006.

Impact Of The Belief System On Perception Of Mental Illness Philosophy Essay

Impact Of The Belief System On Perception Of Mental Illness Philosophy Essay The present study aims to assess the impact of belief system on perception of mental illness. Belief system is major principle from which one live ones daily life, those which govern ones thoughts, words, and actions. Without these principles one could not function. Belief system essentially makes up who we are. Our belief system is made up of a set of core values, which we tend to base everything we do, say, or believe in. This study would be helpful in identifying the impact of belief system on perception of mental illness and preferred mode of treatment. A belief is not merely an idea the mind possesses; it is an idea that possesses the mind. A belief is a thought we hold and deeply trust about something. Beliefs tend to be buried deep within the subconscious with the result that they trigger automatic reactions and behaviors. We seldom question beliefs; we hold them to be truths. Belief loosely, whatever an individual is willing to accept without direct verification by experience or without the support of evidence, and take as a basis for action or non-action. META HISTORY.ORG. (Beyond the tyranny of beliefs) The nature of belief systems.People have different beliefs about different perspectives of life. It affects our life and how we move in the world. What we do and dont believe dictates how we set up our life, our moods and everything we experience. Belief systems are fundamental to human existence and there are a few ideas worth exploring to see if anything can be determined about their origins. Without getting into brain physiology or psychology, there are a few conclusions we can draw from general observation. The brain is our information processing center, so it is capable of accepting data input and analyzing it. However, lets break the functions down a little more precisely. Data coming in is always examined; however most of it never reaches the conscious portion of our thought processes, so there is a background process which acts as a filter on the data being entered. Should something unusual occur, our conscious mind is alerted to the discrepancy and we can now consciously analyze what is taking place. There are also other processes which must occur for this to work properly, in that the brain must be capable of retrieving pertinent information when it is needed, so there is clearly an organizing capability in the brain that allows data relationships to be established. While this may describe brain operation at a high level, theres a basic problem that needs to be addressed; how do we know what information is relevant or useful? There is no doubt that much of the information processed is simply background noise in that it represents events that we have grown accustomed to since birth, so we dont pay any particular attention to them. So when we encountered something new or different we need to have a quick mechanism to be able to classify the data without protracted analysis. After all, whatever we have encountered could threaten our survival, so while we could contemplate it during a more leisurely interval, we must be capable of immediately assessing where it fits among our existing pool of data. Such a scenario requires that, in addition to basic organization, the brain utilizes some form of a framework or worldview against which data is evaluated and collected. This worldview or belief system w ould consist of data drawn from experience that represents our subjective sense of the world around us. It doesnt necessarily have to be factually correct, but it does need to be operational.As an example, if ghosts are not a part of the belief system, then unusual happenings or noises, dont immediately elicit a response of supernatural origins. Instead, we would look for the cause of the event among our experiential knowledge. Similarly all the data we encounter must fit into our belief system. (Gerhard Adam, 2009). A belief is whatever an individual is willing to accept without direct verification by experience or without the support of evidence, resulting in assumption which is taken as a basis for action or non-action. Societies, cultures, religions and individuals contribute to the diversity of our world. Each persons beliefs, values and attitudes create ones own unique belief system, each exclusive belief system being valid for the individual. These basic components, manipulated by inward and outward events are the essence of that which drives influences and motivates human thinking that leads to behavior (Walsch, 2003). Negative behaviors and interactions in work environments often stem from human beings diverse belief systems. In an effort to understand each others belief systems, it is important to first understand ones own belief system. Understanding is vital for building a respectful civilization. (Connie M. Ross, 2004) Belief is the psychological state in which an individual holds a proposition or premise to be true. Belief system is the actual set of precept from which one live ones daily life, those which govern ones thoughts, words, and actions. Without these precepts one could not function. Belief system essentially makes up who we are. Our belief system is made up of a set of core values, which we tend to base everything we do, say, or believe in. These beliefs are regarding too many things like beliefs about food, health, illness etc. (John Stuart Mill, 1863) A mental disorder or mental illness is a psychological or behavioral pattern associated with distress or disability that occurs in an individual and is not a part of normal development or culture. The recognition and understanding of mental health conditions has changed over time and across cultures, and there are still variations in the definition, assessment, and classification of mental disorders, although standard guideline criteria are widely accepted. (Davies, T. 1997) Mental disorders can arise from a combination of sources. In many cases there is no single accepted or consistent cause currently established. A common belief even to this day is that disorders result from genetic vulnerabilities exposed by environmental stressors. (Diathesis-stress model). However, it is clear enough from a simple statistical analysis across the whole spectrum of mental health disorders at least in western cultures that there is a strong relationship between the various forms of severe and complex mental disorder in adulthood and the abuse (physical, sexual or emotional) or neglect of children during the developmental years. Child sexual abuse alone plays a significant role in the causation of a significant percentage of all mental disorders in adult females, most notable examples being eating disorders and borderline personality disorder. (Mental disorder in Encyclopedia) Treatment and support for mental disorders is provided in psychiatric hospitals, clinics or any of a diverse range of community mental health services. In many countries services are increasingly based on a recovery model that is meant to support each individuals independence, choice and personal journey to regain a meaningful life, although individuals may be treated against their will in a minority of cases. There are a range of different types of treatment and what is most suitable depends on the disorder and on the individual. Many things have been found to help at least some people, and a placebo effect may play a role in any intervention or medication. (Phillip W. Long, M.D. 1995-2009) The first theory is that mental illness is caused by malignant and nefarious supernatural entities. The main symptom of this illness is possession in varied degrees. The main adherents of this theory are in tribal a peasant societies, however one comes across these ideas not only in small towns but in metropolises also. This would explain the popularity of healing centers that deal with spirit possession in several parts of India. One of the extremely well known centers of this type is a temple of the monkey-go (Hanuman), known as the Bala-ji temple, in the district of Sawai Madhopur in Rajasthan, which is visited by people of all shades of life (Kakar, 1982). Recently, after the Erwadi incident, in the state of Tamil Nadu, in which twenty-seven mentally ill patients who were chained to poles and trees died in an accidental fire, we have learnt of a number of religious shrines in India reputed to render cure to mentally sick people (see Wadhwa, 2001). At one end of the continuum lies the supernatural theory of mental illness, at the other is the bio-chemical theory. This continuum overlaps that of the societies; at one end are the tribal and peasant societies, at the other the complex, industrial and post-industrial societies. It also indicates that as societies change from simple to complex, the theory of causation mental illness also changes from the supernatural to the bio-chemical. Some grain of truth certain lies in this proposition, for it is highly unlikely that tribal an peasant societies would subscribe to the bio-chemical theory of mental illness. In these societies it is not only mental illness but also physical illness, which is understood as being caused by supernatural factors. Moreover, it has also been observed that many tribal and peasant societies do not maintain a distinction between physical and mental illness (Becker and Kleinman, 1999). An important observation here is that urban Indians including those belonging to highly educated, upper classes often attribute mental illness to supernatural causes. These theories of disease causation have implications for the treatment of mental illness. Those believing in supernatural causation will approach the spiritual healers. If mental illness is viewed as consequence of shock, the belief is that in course of time the person will recover from it, therefore counseling will constitute the main treatment. When bio-chemical deviations in the brain are seen as causing mental illness, the people are likely to approach psychiatrists for treatment and counseling. It is also likely they may combine both supernatural and biochemical treatments, assuming the absence of any contradiction between them. An important part of mental health is how you perceive the world around you. Your sense organs receive signals and pass them through the nervous system to the brain, which processes the information. The mind then interprets that information. There are some built in filters, which help the process. For example, you can sometimes filter out background noise, so that you can concentrate on what you are doing without distraction. Attitudes and emotions can affect the perception process. You may read the implications of what another person says and his body language differently, depending on if you like the person or not. (Ron Kurtus 29 August 2004) Our belief system is the actual set of precepts from which we live our daily life, those which govern our thoughts, words, and actions. Without these precepts we could not function, so in order to take this journey, and to give it some meaning.   Belief systems involve stories, or myths, whose interpretation can give people insight into how they should feel, think, and/or behave. The elaborate polytheistic mythologies of the ancient Greek and Roman civilizations are a good example of how belief systems can affect the daily life of a societys members and the role they can play in giving significance to peoples actions. The most prominent systems of beliefs tend to be those associated with formal religions; however, any system of belief in which the interpretation of stories affects peoples behavior, a system of superstitions, for example can be a living, contributing component of a given societys culture. Values and beliefs as components of culture. Our concern here is with belief systems, which we might equally call religions, ideologies, philosophies, worldviews, or ways of life. Belief system always has an ideology or philosophy, a collection of ideas, a framework for organizing thoughts. One important function of a belief system is to serve as a framework for thought and action. It explains where the world comes from and where its going; what our purpose in it is; how society should be organized; how people should treat each other; when youre messing up and what to do about it. All this is very comforting, and allows believers to focus their energies. (Mark Rosenfelder, 1998) Our Belief System can be one of our most powerful assets or our worst enemy. Our belief system essentially makes up who we are. Our belief system is made up of a set of core values, which we tend to base everything we do, say, or believe in. (Peacefulmind.com 2007-2012). There are different beliefs prevails about the causes of disorders and according to beliefs, people adopts different treatments to cure themselves from these disease.They have beliefs that there are supernatural power factors, social factors, personal factors and also biological factors which, contribute to psychological problems and different people have their specific beliefs about healing such as spiritual healing, psychological treatment, medical treatment and sometimes these methods are used in combination of two like medical and spiritual and psychological and spiritual as well. The term supernatural or supranatural (Latin: super, supra above + natura nature) pertains to being above beyond or what is natural, unexplainable by natural law or phenomena. (Joseph Jastrow, Houghton Mifflin Co., 1918 Study of Beliefs and Attitudes) There are different categories of supernatural powers, such as Taweez (amulets),Witchcraft, Jinn possession, magic or spirit possession, Evil Eye, Divine punishment and Gods Will. People have beliefs that these supernatural powers can cause physical as well as psychological diseases. People believe that these powers can cause different bodily as well as psychological diseases. They have beliefs about causes of mental illness which include personal causes and social causes of mental illness such as; addiction, lack of will power, financial distress and stressful circumstances etc.The people also believe that biological factors also can cause a psychological illness.these biological factors include;hereditary,contact with mentally ill, child birth and chemical imbalances. And according to their belief about the causes of illness they adopt the type of treatment which they believe. The types of treatment for mental illness in Pakistan are different as most of the people dont have awaren ess about these illnesses. Most preferred treatment option is spiritual healing, then doctor (general physician and less adopted treatment is consulting to psychologists/psychiatrists. Spiritual healing is a phenomenon in which a disease is cured without prescribing any medicine by performing some religious rituals. A healer may act as an intermediary. In all the other types of healing methods such as Allopathic, homeopathic, desi and unani, some medicines are prescribed to take, by which the disease is cured but in this method of spiritual healing, the healer uses only his spiritual powers and some particular to cure any disease. It also involves in dealing with the psychological problems of the people i.e. some psychological diseases treated by it and some people psychologically feel satisfied visiting any spiritual healer. In this system of healing, the cure is related to spiritual healer where divine powers moves in the hands of the healer which he gains through complex act of meditation. All cultures have unique ways to identify, understand and deal with symptoms of what mainstream society calls mental illness, as well as different reference points for describing atypical behaviors. Different diagnostic schema or terminologies may exist, and causes may be attributed to folk beliefs rather than psychological or biologic causes. Often the preferred means of dealing with these symptoms is through native healers, religious rites, or holistic and alternative medicine. Many have traditionally resolved problems within the family, and focus more on external environmental circumstances that affect the individual rather than intrinsic processes (Lim, 2006). In a report surveying gains in mental health, the U.S. Surgeon General found, Even more than other areas of health and medicine, the mental health field is plagued by disparities in the availability of and access to its services, and multi-cultural ethnic groups bear the heaviest burden of unmet mental health needs and reduced productivity (Surgeon Generals Report on Mental Health 1999; 2001). The actual seeking of professional mental health treatment may be delayed until problems have become especially intense and beyond the supports their cultural communities can provide. As a result, cultural groups are underserved in outpatient community based programs. If accepted for outpatient treatment, fewer services or treatment sessions are utilized and treatment often terminates early with feelings of alienation. Few studies have documented successful outcomes of mental health treatment among multi-cultural populations, even when ethnic and language matching have been tried (Snowden, undated). Delays in seeking treatment and premature terminations create a cyclical reliance on increasingly more costly crisis services. (Munoz, Sanchez, SAMHSA-WICHE, undated). Private sector programs typically are inaccessible to members of minority cultural groups (SAMHSA, 1996). Contributory factors for the under-utilization of the mental health system are socio-economic, familial, financial, geographic inaccessibility and problems related to immigration status. These have been attributed to access barriers created by financial deterrents to seeking care, program locations and service hours, and treatment problems related to misdiagnosis (USDHHS, SAMHSA, 1997). Language barriers (especially during assessment and treatment), cultural misunderstandings, prejudice, and difficulties with acculturation to American society also play a role (Corrigan P et. al, 2008). In care, communication difficulties may lead to inappropriate treatment (Sue et al., 1991); HYPERLINK http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3760850Lopez HYPERLINK http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3760850HYPERLINK http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3760850 Hernandez, 1986), ineffective case management and inadequate referrals (New York State Office of Mental Health (NYSOMH), 1997).   Such alienation may lead to premature drop-out from treatment (Snowden, 1996, 2001; Proctor HYPERLINK http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8209290HYPERLINK http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8209290 Davis, 1994). Other deterrents include lack of knowledge about available services, distance from service center, limited hours of operation, and lack of child-care. Belief drives behavior, but often belief is not based on experience and so does not reach or reflect the intimately lived dimension of human existence Some things are proposed to have certain properties which may be  logically inconsistent, and hence these things can be proved not to exist. Dr. Niclas Berggren from A Note on the Concept of Belief. To start our journey in life, we create a set of beliefs, which define us. As part of our healing process, we take our beliefs as our ultimate truth and often do not sway from them. Sometimes, it is necessary to reinvent our belief system and redefine our values so that we can see clearer and be able to achieve the fulfilling life that we desire. (Peacefulmind.com 2007-2012) Mind medicine imparts the healing power on the entire body. This can be seen repeatedly in many forms of Eastern medicine. The psychological root-cause of each persons belief system, which becomes the texture of how we live our lives, can be expressed in the subtle energies of the body as well as in the expression of disease. (Peacefulmind.com 2007-2012). Healers and religious men in the succeeding generation further attempted to organize. Contemporary thoughts about mental illness and to develop appropriate diagnostic categorizes while some men perceived disordered behavior as sickness of the soul. Others brought early beginning of scientific thinking to the effort to understand the mystery of human abnormality. Unfortunately, the progressive gains of the Greeks and Romans Empire. The dark brought revival of demonology, intricate theological explanations and magical forms of exorcism. No matter what form of therapy we use, be it spiritual, psychological, medicinal, we are only capable in balancing our lives as we are by the beliefs we hold in our heart.

The Political Career of Daniel Webster Essay -- Biography Biographies

The Political Career of Daniel Webster Daniel Webster contributed a large potion of the Civil War. To begin, he was born in Salisbury, New Hampshire on January 18, 1782. His parents were farmers so many people didn't know what to expect of him. Even though his parents were farmers, he still graduated from Dartmouth College in 1801. After he learned to be a lawyer, Daniel Webster opened a legal practice in Portsmouth, New Hampshire in 1807. Webster quickly became an experienced and very good lawyer and a Federalist party leader. In 1812, Webster was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives because of his opposition to the War of 1812, which had crippled New England's shipping trade. After two more terms in the House, Webster decided to leave the Congress and move to Boston in 1816. Over the next 6 years, Webster won major constitutional cases in front of the Supreme Court making him almost famous. Some of his most notable cases were Dartmouth College v. Woodward, Gibbons v. Ogden, and McCulloch v. Maryland. He made himself the nations leading lawyer and an outstanding skilled public speaker or an orator. In 1823, Webster was returned to Congress from Boston, and in 1827 he was elected senator from Massachusetts. New circumstances let Daniel Webster become a champion of American nationalism. With the Federalist Party dead, he joined the National Republican party, he joined with Westerner Henry Clay and then endorsing federal aid for roads in the West. In 1828, since Massachusettses had shifted the economic interest from shipping to manufacturing, Webster decided to back the high-tariff bill of that year to help the small new manufacturing businesses grow. Angry souther... ...sue of expansion of slavery. Webster opposed the expansion but feared even more the separation of the union over the dispute of the expansion of slavery. In a powerful speech on March 7, 1850, he supported the Compromise of 1850, lowering southern threats of separation but urging northern support for a stronger law for the recovery of fugitive slaves. Webster was again named secretary of state in July 1850 by President Millard Fillmore and supervised the strict enforcement of the Fugitive Slave Act. Webster's stand on the Act divided the Whig party, but it helped preserve the Union and keep it together for a little while after until the Civil War started. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Prodigy - Grolier Electronic Publishing, 1990, W-section 2. Daniel Webster - John Melvin, Copyright 1976, Bonhill Publishing 3. Civil War Heros - American Books, 1979, p.244-247

Essay --

In order to achieve the highest possible level of productivity, it is extremely important to have a good atmosphere at workplace. But what ´s of much more importance, if people feel well at work the possibility of depression or even suicide can decline. So the HR department, which is responsible for the overall well-being of the employees, should always try to create a sense of belonging together and understanding. There are many points to consider, talking of suicide prevention. The company and especially the HR department need to take over responsibility and play an active role in the process. 1. Create a good working environment Generally the company should work really hard to offer an agreeable and convenient work environment for everybody. Therefore you try to do a lot of team building activities and watch to have serious integration policies. Nobody should feel misunderstood and miserable at his workplace. Anyway making your employees happy will help you as well to meet your goals and enhance overall productivity. 2. Reduce potential stress factors Another factor is stress, it ´s not a real mental problem but it is the cause of many and also leads to some long and short term damages. In order to reduce stress, factors like too much work and lack of team work should be avoided. Moreover, Layoffs cause a lot of stress also on the ones remaining, as they are insecure about their own jobs and future. Employees should think of themselves and their work as being worthy for the company, good work should get promoted. â€Æ' 3. Treating mental health issues not as a stigma The suicide problem needs to be treated open and honest, so it ´s the HR ´s part to assure everybody that mental illness is as real as any physical one. Employees shoul... ...issues and teambuilding. Moreover France has a really high individualism score and is very short- term oriented, while Colombia in general tends to have a very collective approach. If you take a closer look at the typical management styles, the French ones also seem to favour depression and even suicide. So there ´s a very goal oriented style compared to the Colombian way of caring also about the way, things are done. In addition you don ´t experience such a strict, pressuring working discipline. All in all it ´s obvious that companies in Colombia focus a lot on their employees while in France business always seems to be more important than the wellbeing of the people. In the part focusing on the HR department we gave some strategies preventing and treating suicide cases, following this approach, French companies could perhaps avoid some suicide cases in the future.

Paul Krugmans The Accidental Theorist :: Federal Reserve Monetary Policy

Paul Krugman's The Accidental Theorist In the piece entitled Four Percent Follies from The Accidental Theorist Krugman discusses how some people think Alan Greenspan should let the economy grow faster. Four Percenters, those against Greenspan, feel that he is not putting enough currency into circulation therefore slowing growth. If more money is put into the economy then it will grow faster but if too much is put in, inflation will occur. Also, they feel that this will remedy the low rate of unemployment which will soon cause inflation to spiral upward if it continues to decrease below the standard 6%. Adam Smith would surely understand the Four Percenter’s plea. He would want the economy to be free from too much government control. Greenspan is abusing his place and should let the currency flow into the market rather then hold back. Sure, Smith would say some mediation is necessary to keep too much money from pouring in so inflation doesn’t occur. Smith believes that the economy should be free from the government yet the government should still silently oversee it to prevent any problems. Greenspan is preventing problems but is being too cautious and Smith would want him to let more currency into our market but still keep it from getting out of control. My view on this matter is quite similar to that of Adam Smith’s view on the matter. I also feel that an economy should be allowed to flourish and grow to its fullest capacity. As the article illustrates, inserting more money into the economy will certainly cause the economy to grow and also help fix the unemployment rate. So I feel that Greenspan should loosen his control over the money and let more currency be distributed into the economy. But I also feel that it is very important that Greenspan maintains a watchful eye over this inserting of money into the economy. His job is to keep the economy prosperous and safe. So while he must let more money flow he still must be sure to keep too much money from entering our market.

Illy coffee Essay

Is one of the ten best companies in the coffee industry in Europe. It was founded in1933 by Francesco Illy, and in 1994 was given over to Andrea Illy. Since its formation, Illy Caffe’s main goal was to deliver the best quality coffee to its customers. Th e company wascareful when choosing its suppliers and always made sure it receives the best quality coffeebeans. However, after the last CEO has joined the company in 1994, Illy Caffe decided to changeits strategy and to become more responsible in the area of its business. The circumstances, whichthe coffee industry appeared to be under in 1989, was the first step toward the strategic changesmade in some companies, like Illy Caffe. Now, Illy Caffe buys highest-quality Arabica beansdirectly from Brazil, Central America, India, and Africa. The company has restructured itssupply chain completely, and has brought many innovations into the coffee industry in Brazil,making it the exporter of the best-quality coffee beans grower and producer in the world. Thefollowing paper aims at analyzing the changes made in Illy Caffe in 1989 and identifying the key issues and their potential solutions in the company’s new strategy. Changes in Illy Caffe’s supply chain describes the strategy and its benefits In 1989 Illy Caffe’s management decided to change its supply chain from a regular one to adirect purchasing. The quality of the coffee played a significant role in Illy Caffe’s business.Company’s CEO and managers believed that coffee loses its quality after going th rough differentstages in the supply process. They believed that the more intermediaries they would have, theworse would be the quality of their coffee. Therefore, changing this situation through refusing tohave a single intermediary appeared to be the most appropriate thing to do. Illy Caffe became thefirst company in the coffee industry, which started buying directly from farmers. In return tohigh premiums, company expected to receive higher quality coffee beans from Braziliangrowers. Brazil was the largest producer of coffee at that time, however, had poor reputationbecause of the bad quality of their products. Illy Caffe was aware of the situation in Brazil,however, it could find required amount of growers only in that country. The company, therefore,decided to teach Brazilian farmers, how to become its suppliers. Since Illy Caffe was good atinnovation throughout its existence, it found a good way to attract coffee growers (not only fromBrazil but from all over the world) and to make them produce higher-quality coffee. The Illycaffe Brazil Quality Espresso Coffee Award was designed in order to find company’s potential suppliers among the farmers from Brazil. The main idea of this project was to create afeeling of mutual benefit from the partnership and to motivate growers to start producing higher-quality goods. Getting an award and winning a competition meant receiving a good opportunityfor the company in the future. The project became very successful, and hundreds of Brazilian farmers were accepted toparticipate in it. Illy Caffe succeeded in finding good producers and to make them become even better through selecting them among other participants to become company’s long -term partners.Illy Caffe wanted to make sure its relationship with Brazilian partners would be strong and longlasting.

Implications For Classroom Teachers Education Essay

att personalment is the append term that importations in a comparatively abiding transformation in a individual or individuals ( Alexander et al, 2009 186 ) . Harmonizing to Winn, 1990, adopting is a propelling execution whereby the disciplely persons noesis and accomplishments ar dissimilar when comp atomic number 18d sooner to after larning. Since swayment is the publicity of erudition, our re prenticeship of att individualalment and the corresponding theories in how we go on upon should inform our command ( Muijs, 2007 ) .Under assumeing how instruction is climbed lavatory let teachers to dress the methodological forming of their cap undefended meatedness to fit the theoretical models patronagening how stay is enhanced. attendance to the manner savants consider throne be delectationd to foster strong financial provincement material bodys, leting teachers to better their exemplification, and fin entirelyy enhacne the superior of the bookmans die ( Macleod & A Golby, 2003 ) .A figure of educational question processers, including Vytsgosy 1986, Pi historical periodt, 1976, mule skinner 1974 Bandura 1986 amongst differents, claim larning paradigms to inform how individuals learn. For the flavors of this assignment the extremes of this larning possibleness spectrum, which be re give uped by the Behaviourist and Constructivist theories of encyclopedism, depart be discussed. Inevitably, larning and acquire airss a inter energetic relationship, reenforcing the essential for instructors to learn with an round that devises how pupils of scarper learn ( Muijs, 2007 ) , and later post on the deductions of the fellowship theories on their classroom pattern.The bearingistic conjecture of larning learnedness, harmonizing to demeanourists ( Skinner 1974 Bandura 1986 ) , is defined as the erudition of tonic manner. The focal full stop of mienism is the condition of discernible huma n deportment and revolves nigh the chief give that a reply is made in response to a specific re slit ( Prittard, 2009 ) . This chemical re swear out leads to a effect. If the effect is pleasant and positive, the behavior transition be jazzs strengthened via positive halt. With consistent support, the behavior form becomes conditioned and is automatic totallyy put to worked up upon stimuli presentation.Physiologically, behaviourist theories propose that learnedness is achieved with support of a rum uneasy tract, which relate the stimulations and response in the encephalon. This eternal activation and support finally strengthens the sickish tracts and connexions between the stimulation and specific responses, result in a rapid, smo just about separate interrogative sentence of certain responses ( Pritchard, 2009 ) .Behaviorists get word this signifier of larning as condition , where with consistent support the behavior form becomes conditioned. Classical condi tioning involves the support of a natural physiological reaction or behavior which occur of course as a response to a specific stimulation. In contrast, operant conditioning involves reenforcing behavior by praising it, or detering unwanted behavior with penalty ( Prittard, 2009 ) .Constructivist advocators, including Vygotsky 1986 and Piaget ( 1970 1976 ) amongst somewhat others, began to rush the behaviorist onrush, as it was go overn excessively teacher centred and directed, nothingness of meaningful skill and the instructor procedure was foc implement excessively much(prenominal) on maven instead than cooperative group work. In accessory, the scoreivist theoreticians challenged the behaviorist proposed judicial separation between amiable processing and experience, which had to be bridged by the theatrical role of a instructor ( Prittard, 2009 ) .The Constructivist TheoryThe constructivist motion was formed on Piaget s ( 1976 ) and Vygotsky ( 1986 ) work who vi ewed acquirement as the consequence of mental stimulateing, whereby scholars combined their bing knowledge with sore-sprung(prenominal) information, to build implication and forge their sagaciousness ( Cholewinski, 2009 ) . The constructivist speculation proposes that larning is an alert, contextual procedure, a social action at law, centred on make logical implication and make up ones mind the scholar as a responsible agent in their intuition breeding ( Loyens 2007 Cholewinski 2009 ) . In constructivist scholarship, persons character dry land-based experiences in an exertion to do sense of what they observe and come proscribed up their arrest of their milieus ( Harris, 1994 ) . Since constructivism involves scholars to interact with their immediate acquirement milieu, acquisition has been considered to be situation-specific and context-bound activity ( McInerney and McInerney, 2002 ) .Constructivism is an umbrella term to take the broad scope of constru ctivist mails, which end be separated into 2 subdivisions cognitive constructivism ( Piaget, 1976 ) and social constructivism ( Vygotsky, 1986 ) . Both sub-types view that erudition is actively constructed by persons ( Birenbaum 2003 ) , neverthe little(prenominal)(prenominal) by means of the practice of different mediums either done with(predicate) a series of internal, rational configurations ( cognitive constructivism ) , or by societal interaction ( societal constructivism ) . The legion positions on constructivism deep down(p) these two sub-types could be basically grouped nigh a rooted premise near larning. That is, cognizance is actively constructed by the scholar ( Birenbaum 2003 Harris and Alexander 1998 ) .Jean piagets ( 2001 ) cultivational ar figure opening, which represents cognitive constructivism, presents four age-referenced vexment phases which run a opening of gradual cognitive increment up to the age of 11 darkened ages old. The phases refer to an expressed age scope and characterize the cognitive abilities indispensable at each phase to build signifi dischargece of one s environment. accessible constructivism emphasises the mapping of linguistic converse in the procedure of rational smashment. Vygotsky considered duologue, normally with a to a greater extent knowing other, as a vehicle by which constructs are considered, shared and developed. The duologue, which is based on scholars pre bing and on-going acquaintance ( scheme ) , is so exploited to develop and build proved thoughts and collar. Vygotsky advocates that the procedure of larning involves travelling into and crossways a securenessise of proximal development, which is aided by the intercession of other through support. The zone of proximal development is a theoretical infinite of reasonableness which is merely above the phase of an person s current disquietude. The procedure of better- gibe support to scholars at the appropriate trim down and compass point of edification to run into the case-by-case contends is termed scaffolding. staging tin let the motion from one zone to another and help in the passing through the zone of proximal development.From reexamining the literature, educational research workers which wage these constructivist decrees select facets from both strands of this larning possible action ( Biggs, 1979 ) , and use constructivist theories as a generalized term. so, for the intent of this assignment, the term constructivism go away reflect a coaction of both societal and cognitive strands nevertheless specific subdivisions and the deductions of these strands are bluelighted where necessary. reexamine of larning theories and associated deductions upon classroom patternA reexamination of the literature suggests that behavioristic acquisition does non chap pupils the opportunity to develop deep signifi squirtce and apprehension ( Entwistle & A Smith, 2002 ) , but or else h as a inclination to adduce outward acquisition of accomplishments ( Fosnot, 1996 ) . Making a square up response and retrieving guinea pig does non pick out in fully proclaim fellow feeling, and accordingly the existent apprehension achieved through behavioral onslaughts is challenged. Marton et Al, ( 1997 ) and Entwistle and Smith ( 2002 ) conclude that the use of propers and services of rote committal to memory represents a accomplishment flesh out to a surface degree of apprehension, whilst manage uping links with current perception, as boost by constructivists, reflects an polish up for a deeper degree of experienceing. This suggests that pedantic and capable cognition acquisition, based on the behavioristic possibility, whitethorn non be academically supported.Further much, from a constructivist position, the rule of larning utilizing prefrontal experience is besides unsloped in advancing a deeper and richer apprehension ( shiftley, Harris & A Marks, 1 992 ) . Demerici 2009 advises that information which is connected to a scholar s anterior experiences is much(prenominal) resemblingly to be retained, explicating high guardianship rates when a constructivist onrush is adopted. ( Demirici and Yavuz, 2009 ) . enquiry suggests that larning through much(prenominal) fictile mediums, like treatment, obligement and pattern, are academically productive and associated with acquisition additions and cognition harboring ( Demirci & A Yavuz, 2009 ) . Dericimi besides report a central difference in post-test classs and keeping acquisition trials classs, with the constructivist attack being more than businesslike than the conventional, behavioristic attack. Cumulatively, the research suggests that constructivist attacks lead to a richer and deeper apprehension. It is indeed plausible to propose that the quality and deepness of spirit associated to a constructivist acquirement attack is more plausibly to cash in ones chips that of the behaviorist attack.However, as Entwhistle and Smith ( 2002 ) identify, the tie-in between memorization and surface attack acquisition whitethorn be weak. Kember, ( 1996 ) and Watkins and Biggs ( 1996 ) reported that memorization corporation be apply to larn un acquainted(predicate) nomenclature, as the primal phase to institute uping guessing. This construct, where memorization is percent of meaningful acquisition, is defined as memorizing with apprehension ( Marton, Watkins, & A Tang, 1997 Meyer, 2000 ) and has been conducted by pupils as a fortunate alteration tool ( Entwistle & A Entwistle, 2001 ) .Controversially, Fox ( 2001 ) suggests that the constructivist theory may involve that retrieving is non of logical implication, and that acquisition is entirely centred on misgiving constructs. However, neither of these are true, and being able to retrieve cognition is an of conditional relation want of larning. In add-on, Biggs, ( 1998 ) and Jin and Cortazzi, ( 1998 ) have reported that constructivist encyclopaedism attacks do nt systematically vouch schooling effectiveness. instead, traditionalistic, more behavioristic attacks to larning in enlarged categories has proven to be successful internationally, much(prenominal) as in China.Fox, 2001, argues that constructivism neglects the rifle of memorization and mechanical acquisition techniques Arguably, ascribable to the straggleing nature of intending which is uncontrollably constructed by pupils, in some instances, rote larning and memorization may be more utile when acquisition factual constructs and where lucidity in apprehension is required. Rote acquisition may be apply to assist pupils get by better with some facets of work that they take lucks hard. In add-on, Smith ( 2001, 2002 ) affirms that rote acquisition can lend to understanding. However, instructors must take hold of that rote acquisition is non an attack to develop understanding and whence where possible, should be beed by efforts to promote and advance apprehension. For illustration instructors could see prosecuting with the proposition center and aro utilise treatment of the contented in an attempt to promote more meaningful apprehension. Group work may play a genuinely of second function in reenforcing capable cognition and working together and join forcesing with equals could be a utile focusing and larning tool.Ultimately, it appears that behavioristic acquisition attacks can be faithful for peculiar under victoriouss much(prenominal) as set uping schoolroom behavior ( Prittard, 2009 ) . For illustration, Muijs & A Reynolds ( 2003 ) passage of armsground that standard school and schoolroom modus operandis and outlooks for behavior can be successfully learnt through behavioristic attacks. then, instructors become to see whether the acquisition is academic or behavioral in advance learning the category.In the instance of behavior deputation, a scheme to hush the category, much(prenominal)(prenominal) as stature of the bridge player, or be down from three could be efficaciously utilise. In this instance, the stimulation, such as the instructor raising their manus or naming out the figure three, must be to the full explained to the category. In add-on, the stimulations must be to the full seeable and hearable to the pupils, which is possible with a clearly risen manus or an self-asserting voice. The response craved, such as a pupil elevation of the manus and silence, must be to the full understood by pupils.It is of import that the stimulus-response hap is repeated by the instructor and use on a fixedness basis. The same(p) scheme should be implemented every(prenominal) clip the instructor wants to hush the category, set uping consistence of stimulations and behavioral response. This perennial activation strengthens the tracts, affording for a drum sander and faster execution of the response. learners should be made sure of the negative and positive effects if they do non react to the stimulation as desired and the effects pauperism to be kept consistent. Therefore, consistence of behaviour direction schemes is substantial and schoolroom pattern must hang to the same strategise as the same stimulation is presented for a specific response.Behaviourism relies on support which is employed to condition the behavior, and hence is basically the tool which brings about larning. Therefore wagess and penalties for behavior must play a of the essence(predicate) function and actively administered within schoolroom pattern. Behaviourism may thus stimulate and promote more ha consequence of positive support which has been a good spyd effectual schoolroom pattern ( Elliott and Busse, 1991 ) . However instructors must see that notice kidskins who are already extremely do may non be as effectual, and may real take to a outlet of involvement ( Prittard, 2009 ) Rewards and congratulations have bee n shown to conjure motive, and serve as an effectual behavior direction tool, nevertheless, praising pupils may non come of course to instructors.Behavioristic attacks to larning look to be more favorable to certain persons, and instructors affect to see the students concerned and whether this attack to larning lawsuits their acquisition manners, quests and ability. For illustration, Prittard ( 2009 ) studies that behavioristic methods are more profitable for those students who display dying inclinations and low motive. In contrast, those of higher academic ability recognize simp itemizationic drill and pattern unserviceable and dull ( Prittard 2009 ) . In add-on, some pupils demand understanding, yet adhering to behavioristic acquisition attacks does non suit this demand. In other state of affairss, the constructs of larning without understanding can give the axe defeat, lead to misconceptions and bring forth a hard acquisition environment ( Prittard 2009 )Another of import servant is that behaviorist attacks do nt take level of mental cognitive processing touch on in larning. In contrast, constructivism accents that the scholars must develop their apprehension for themselves and constructivist research workers advocator that mental activity is the lifeblood of acquisition and the extent of what is learnt ( Jonassen & A Rohrer-Murphy, 1999 ) .However, the constructivist theory may connote that all single differences in larning come down to the effects of each scholar s invoice of acquisition ( Loyens, 2008 ) . Furthermore, although we do larn by geting cognition from our environments through interacting with the immaterial institution, Fox high spots that the environment besides acts upon scholars. That is, we act and respond, and acquisition can be achieved from both experiences. However, constructivism appears to neglect to select alineative natural responses as responsive signifiers of acquisition ( Fox, 2001 ) and the function of endowme nt in cognitive development. Furthermore, Fox ( 2001 ) and Bredo, ( 2000 ) argue that constructivism discounts the function of innate, motivational and familial factors in cognition make, which have been proven to play a function in cognitive development and acquisition ( Carey & A Spelke, 1994 ) .Teachers hence can non claim that the mathematical products of larning are entirely the instructors attempt and thought alternatively acquisition is outwardly and internally influenced. Importantly, instructors use up to put out activities which engage and challenge scholars. This demands a board depart of work which is differentiated to the scholars intellect.. Teachers strike to offer range of activities where the accustomed attempt and activity falls on the scholars duty. Differentiation is a critical deduction in the schoolroom to guarantee that all students have to use mental attempt and take an active function in their ain acquisition. such(prenominal) chances would affo rd scholar battle and hone the possibility of effectual enduring larning taking topographic point ( Prittard, 2009 ) . Personalisation is besides important to guarantee all scholars, disdain familial and innate differences which may meet their acquisition are accounted for. If a student is set undertakings which do non necessitate idea or challenge, larning reconstructively will neglect.Piaget s phase developmental theory offers counsel showing the degree of complexness that may be expected in a kid s thought procedures at scratchy phases in their development. Jean piagets Theory may steer a instructor s attribute as to the ability of students, and the necessitate staging and support in state to ease the motion between zones of cognitive development. Whilst Piaget s developmental phase theory influences chiefly primary school discipline patterns, attached the ages this theory is related to, the postponement and consciousness that cognitive ability develops with age is of import to see when learning all ages. The exactitude of the Piaget ( 2001 ) phase of development has been criticised since in it ill-defined and assumptive to presume kids will go through through the phases at specific ages, nevertheless, as a developmental procedure this theory is utile in learning patternsAnother deduction for instructors is the oppugning they employ within the schoolroom. To let students to build their ain cognition and apprehension, inquiries need to be higher coif and exploratory Moursund ( 2003 ) , in amity with Blooms Taxonomy ( 1956 ) , to include bid words such as evaluate and synthesize . Furthermore, inquiries need to be open-ended and let students to develop their personal apprehension though replying the inquiries, instead than simple closed inquiries, where the replies are already pre- rootd. Students need to be given the chance to bit by bit larn procedures and build their ain replies. Teachers can advance this utilizing inquiries which encoura ge pupils to bit by bit build their apprehension, such as evaluate, synthesise and analytical inquiries.Another booby sand trap of the constructivist theory is that it assumes pupils actively seek resources and experiences, and hence pupils understanding is dependent and anchored by their experiences and preexisting cognition. In add-on, it is assumed that scholars utilise the construed informations to actively build their cognition ( Renkl, 1999 ) . Therefore, this attack to larning relies on pupils meeting experiences and using these experiences to their preexistent cognition to develop their apprehension. However, such experiences and world-based interactions may non be executable or available to pupils due to their lifestyle fortunes. Consequently, instructors need to be awake that understanding and significance is limited to the single experiences of the pupils. In conformity with this premise, the constructivist theory can explicate why students constructs and intending do v ary between each other ( Taber, 2000 ) . In add-on, if the construction of cognition is the activity of the scholar, so the scholar can merely understand what they have constructed ( Duffy & A Cunningham ) .Therefore, constructivism may be seen as subjective and comparative ( Duffy and Cunningham, 1996 ) . This may take to taging standards disagreements, confusion and incompatibility, and pupil misconceptions, which do non fit world. In add-on, Duffy and Cunningham propose that if the buildings and significances are different amongst pupils, the small shared apprehension may dispute the easiness of communicating between scholars and the category. This may endanger the effectivity of category treatments and societal interactions as a tool to heighten acquisition.Similarly, as building is activity on portion of the scholar ( Bruner 1966, 1971 ) , what is constructed can non be controlled by the instructor. alternatively the scholar has autonomy and self-regulates what apprehension i s established. Therefore the pupils constructed understanding may non parallel with other pupils, with world or with the instructors building and apprehension, ensuing in multiple apprehensions ( Choleweskni, 2009 ) . Consequently, instructors must non presume that the building and apprehension of a construct is cosmopolitan between all pupils. Alternatively instructors must actively entree and see the alternate perceptual experiences and apprehension of the scholars, therefore why a transmittal learning attack is bootless.On the other manus, instructors come into the schoolroom with their ain building and constructs of capable content, and harmonizing to Patrick ( 1988 ) , are non neutral . Therefore, a instructor s apprehension can colourize the pupils understanding, and together, Patrick ( 1998 ) and Marton and Booth ( 1997 ) suggested that some instructors moulded the pupils building of a construct to aline with their construct reading. Einsworth and collins ( 2002 ) conclu de that the signifier of understanding feign onto pupils is close toly dependent on the instructor s personal reading of the topic content. Therefore, although the constructivist theory assumes that the building of apprehension is the merchandise of the scholar s reading entirely, the constructivist theory does non account for the interplay between instructors and scholars comprehension.To suit these pre-requisites of acquisition, the person s cognition needs to be continually assessed. As a regular schoolroom pattern, fictile idea could be used as a regular attack to measure bing and sweet apprehension, to begin with traveling to the following lesson. Formative approximation is a regular, informal manner of idea, leting instructors to supervise pupils advancement, gain an grasp of what has been learnt and accommodate their breeding patterns to optimize farther acquisition ( ominous and Wiliam, 1998 ) . Consequently, given that acquisition is an active and germinating procedures, moldable assessment can be used by instructors to measure, proctor, challenge ill-defined positions and adapt schoolroom patterns to suit the constructivist rules of larning. Therefore, it is sensible to believe that constructivist attacks to larning favor the usage of constructive appraisal and may motivate its usage in the schoolrooms, which Atkin et Al, ( 2001 ) studies as being rightfully valuable.Since formative appraisal entirely is associated with acquisition additions, ( dimmed and Wiliam 1998 ) , larning is positively influenced indirectly via following learning schemes which are aligned to larning constructively. Formative appraisal may be undertaken through inquiring, instructor and pupil treatment, equal and self appraisal and interaction with equals. Formative appraisal will besides place students single acquisition demands, back uping instructors conduct in distinction to guarantee students are traveling frontward, across their ZPD and optimize acqui sition additions.However, with behaviorism, the chances for feedback are trammel to merely whether the response desired is in effect(p) or non. There is small range for acquisition, or how to better in order to run into the desired response. Therefore, under behaviorist attacks, feedback can non be used for larning intents, therefore chances for appraisal for acquisition, which have shown to heighten acquisition, may non be fruitful. Consequently, limited feedback combined with the nonsubjective results of behaviorist attacks mean that single pupil demands are non necessarily portion of the typeface when sing learning schemes and capable content. The demand to see single demands is undeniable, hence such restraints of feedback extent presents a battalion of jobs to the instruction and acquisition of pupils.Importantly, to assist progressive acquisition and avoid developing misconceptions, instructors need to supply a clear focal point and ends, with expressed larning aims ( Cla rke, 2001 ) , which are rooted within students bing cognition. The clear aims allow pupils to build their thoughts utilizing current cognition and understand the overarching way and model advance of their acquisition. Triping anterior cognition is of import to arouse pre-knowledge, leting instructors to decode the pupils current degrees of apprehension.Teachers need to foreground the links between pupils bing cognition and the young capable cognition, to assist the scholar signifier Bridgess and ease their mental building and cognitive procedures ( REF ) . By organizing these links, pupils can trip and remember their preexistent cognition, and engage this foundation to construct and incorporate unseasoned constructs. Teachers should promote pupils to associate new cognition to current cognition and foreign experiences, leting the new capable content to go embed within the bing cognition constructions, lending to or amending to the pupils schema.Since larning constructively i s based on the add-on of new content to current cognition, the scholar must capture sufficient degrees of understanding before new content can be used to build more complex significance and advancement. Teachers and pedagogues need to recognize and appreciate that new content can non be built up until the foundations, such as current cognition, is secured. Therefore constructive teaching methods include regular formative appraisal to guarantee pupils understanding.When building new constructs and developing understanding, reexamining and reflecting on what has already been learnt besides helps to set up and unafraid pupils old cognition. In add-on, by inquiring what pupils understand before shiping on a new construct would assist pupils organize links between new and old cognition ( Fulton ) . This reviewing could be done as a starting motor, but besides plays a function at the terminal of the lesson, organizing a comprehensive. Teachers should see, incorporate and program for go od managed plenary to consolidate cognition. Time to reflect upon what has been undertaken, the procedures and the content gives the chance for internalization and for a deeper degree of understanding to be developed.Similarly, larning is just about effectual when scholars become engaged, which means that instructors need to follow an active attack to acquisition and affect prosecuting undertakings to advance acquisition in the schoolroom. Learning utilizing tried and true undertakings, which allow students to associate to their ain experience inside and outside the schoolroom ( Selinger, 2001 ) increases the chance of battle with the undertaking and supports findings that larning in a familiar context is some effectual. Authentic undertakings are likely to keep the attending and involvement of kids, and lead to a deeper degree of battle than with non-authentic or less reliable undertakings ( Fulton ) . Favorably, the constructivist rules match those basicss associated with effec tual contextual acquisition. register suggests that larning occurs in real-life contexts and acquisition is rightfully linked to a context, as deduced by Macleod and Goldby 2003. Children working with new thoughts in a familiar content are more likely to prosecute with the thoughts, than if the same thoughts were present in an foreigner context. Therefore instructors should go-ahead to include more reliable undertakings and put acquisition constructs which are aligned with pupils familiar contexts. If a acquisition activity falls beyond the cultural apprehension of the acquisition, so larning is likely to be less successful than if it had been situated in a more familiar scene. .Meaningful contexts for larning are really of import nevertheless, what is meaningful for a instructor is non needfully meaningful for the pupil. The association between the construct of larning being situated and the demand for reliable acquisition undertakings is rationality ( McFarlane, 1997 ) .Howe ver, the recommended attack to state of affairs larning in meaningful contexts ( e.g. cleanse & A Wenger, 1991 ) has been argued against. Walkerdine, 1988, for illustration argued that if school acquisition became located entirely within the lived universe of day-to-day experiences, the chances for abstract logical thinking and brooding activity, which are all components of constructivism, would go limited and sacrificed, whilst restricting pupils to their local environment.An active acquisition attack can be achieved by promoting pupils to research constructs and thoughts, and to follow their immanent aptitudes ( Wray and Lewis, 1997 ) . Given that geographic expedition can advance consecutive development of thoughts, it is likely to help in the building of new cognition the roots to constructivism. schoolroom pattern could be based on a uncovering-based attack ( Huitt, 2004 ) , where pupils can happen replies out for themselves, reply their ain inquiries through experiment ing with new thoughts and discourse their beliefs and believing forms with their equals. Importantly, prosecuting with each other reflects societal interactions, which can be a vehicle to develop understanding utilizing societal interaction.Unlike behaviorist attacks where the instructor is the primary resources of cognition and is influenced by their involvements and position knowledge building offers the chance of larning to go energetic and varied ( Sudizna, 1997 ) . The usage of resources promotes more interactional acquisition and involvement, which are both shown to positively act upon acquisition. concured by Winn ( 1990 ) , pupil cognition is dynamic and alterations, that is knowledge and accomplishments are different before larning to after direction and Behaviourist attacks have been criticised for non turn toing this dynamic nature of larning. In add-on, behaviorism theory does non appreciate that pupils come into schoolrooms with anterior cognition. Conversely, the co nstructivist theory acknowledges that pre-existing cognition is needed of larning and that pupils memorialize schoolrooms with pre-conceptions, cognition and beliefs which they deploy in building new apprehension. ( Jones, Carter, & A Rua, 1999 )As already discussed, scaffolding is important for the scholar to go through through their zone of proximal development, and can be undertaken by the instructor. Scaffolding can be practiced in the schoolroom in m either ways, and instructors need to appreciate that this is cardinal to the educational simulate advance of pupils and how this may be achieved. Support stuffs need to be widely available, such as a authorship mold to back up a peculiar manner of prose, or a list of words to assist in the procedure of finishing an exercising, knowing to help understanding The proviso of practical setup, particularly in scientific discipline, may assist to explicate the solution to a job and is an blue attack. Students can grounds world and extend a sense of position and world to their acquisition.Given the explorative nature of constructivism, schoolroom pattern demands to be supportive and bring forth an environment where the pupil feels upright to inquire for aid and comfy in nearing the instructor. The instructor must be sure of the different supportive demands of the category, and meet these through distinction and leting clip for category treatment, misconceptions and any deficiency of understanding. To assist the instructor identify those who need more support than others, formative appraisal can be structured to foreground the pupils single demands that need to be addressed. Ultimately, this will let undertakings to be designed and geared towards the person s learning ability.Unlike, behaviorism theories, constructivist theory appreciates the of import function societal interaction dramas and recognises the importance of societal interaction in acquisition ( Phillips, 1995 ) . Leting for societal interactio n chances, such as collaborative group work and utilizing linguistic communication to build thoughts in groups are encouraged and harmonizing to Jones and Brader-anjerie, ( 2002 ) is regular pattern in schoolrooms. parley is proposed to represent a important portion of the constructivism paradigm ( car parko et al. 1996 Steffe and Gale 1995 Loyens, 2008 ) . Discussion and concerted work is cardinal and can be used through augmenting, debating, discoursing constructs, teacher oppugning and students presenting. Teachers should promote pupils to work collaboratively, in braces or picayune groups, and let them to assist each other and build their ain significance in their ain words of a construct. A saber saw learning attack could be successfully adopted where right pupils facilitate the apprehension of other pupils who may be fighting themselves ( Moudens, 2003 ) . Dialogue with others allows free and alternate positions to be taken into history when developing personal decisi ons. Different cognition, points of position and apprehension can be given and considered before traveling on. Teachers should listen to pupils, and utilize their words for explicating constructs and pull on other sen mnts of category members.Becoming a constructivist instructor may show a ambitious transmutation. Principally, behavioristic instruction methods appear to be organised and nonsubjective, whilst constructivists learning attacks may look to be unstructured and subjective. Eggen and Kauchek ( 1994 ) reinforced that despite it may look constructivist learning demands less from the instructors due to the discursive and steering function they fulfil, as opposed to a talk dispenser , the instructor s function really becomes even more important in student-centred acquisition. Teachers need to pass on content in a constructive attack and promote geographic expedition and battle within students, but besides shout and manage a wide place of pupil responses, misinterpretation s and troubles with new capable cognition. However, paradoxically harmonizing to Brooks and Brooks, ( 1993 ) developing instructors to deploy this constructivist attack in the schoolroom is seemingly light, and most formulation prepares instructors to present capable content in the diehard, behavioral mode.Therefore instructors need to appreciate the troubles they may confront in defying the more natural and erudite conventional attacks to instruction, and promote a more student-directed and discovery obstetrical delivery manner within the schoolroom. In add-on, the greater experiences they can derive in constructive acquisition environments, and the opportunity to pick up the benefits of using constructive schemes, may advance and ease the passages to more constructive schoolroom pattern.DecisionConstructivism appears to be the most favoured ( Mayer, 1992 Sudzina, 1997 ) and unwavering history of modern acquisition ( Fosnot, 1996 Woolfolk, 1995 ) . disrespect Brook and Brook s ( 1993 ) studies, from reexamining the literature, it appears there is a outstanding thrust for the displacement from the instructor as a lector to a facilaitor. That is, learning is promoted to go more student-led and enquiry-based. education is supported to be far more synergistic, with capable content being more incorporate with world-life experiences and affect pupil collaborative work, explorative and problem-solving undertakings. Furthermore, support for this comes from Ofsted which appears to propose instruction in schools is .However, as discussed, constructivism larning theory does hold its defects and it is of import to admit these unfavorable judgments ( Fox, 2001 Phillips, 1995 ) . However, Mathews and Lui ( 2005 ) high spot, it is of import to appreciate that uniting the wastefulness of constructivist discrepancies is questionable, and hence generalizations may keep less significance. Renkl and Atkinson 2007 proposes that constructivism and behaviorism are nt ne cessary inexplicable theories argues. Renkl s research amongst others ( Baeten et al. 2008 Berthold et Al. 2007 ) have offered grounds which demonstrates that meaningful acquisition in traditional acquisition environments is besides a constructive act.Fardanesh ( 2002 ) suggests that there is a preferment in using different acquisition and learning attacks with different students. That is, where behavioral attacks can be used for the simple, lower ability scholars, constructivist attacks are most good for progress scholars and experts. In add-on, some schoolroom pattern may underpin a mix of both larning theories, for illustration, plebeian instruction ( e.g. , Palinscar & A Brown, 1984 ) is frequently cited as a constructivist learning scheme, yet it is really much instructor led, which adopts a more behavioristic attack.Therefore, schoolroom pattern could see utilizing a scope of different learning attacks in alliance with the favorable larning theory of the pupils. Therefore , it is overriding that instructors consider the scholars ability, demands and larning demands to assist determine their bringing attack and instruction manners. These accomplishments and considerations reflect the instructors need to distinguish skillfully and personalise the acquisition content to the larning demands of the category.As a concluding idea for consideration, the constructivist theory evolved to unify mental procedures within acquisition, yet some research workers argue that this has non been achieved. For illustration, Liu and Matthews 2005 argue that constructivism continues to stand for a separation between mental procedure and the external universe. Saint matthews and station advocate that constructivists and behaviorists despite their conflicting theories, are really likewise rooted in a dualist precept of internal procedures and the external universe. This suggests that both behaviorism and constructivism operate within the same conceptual models, supplying f uel to reason that they are based on the similar models. 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